When customers in downtown Vancouver placed orders with Pizza Hut in September, many of the pies landed on their doorsteps without a courier in sight.

Instead, diners were met by Angie, Hugo or Raja 91裸聊视频� autonomous robots resembling a cooler on four wheels with eyelike lights. They travelled by sidewalk to customers, who used unique codes to open their lids and reveal their food.

The value proposition for Serve Robotics 91裸聊视频� a spinoff of Uber91裸聊视频檚 2020 food delivery acquisition Postmates that created the trio and a fleet of zero-emission robots 91裸聊视频� is simple: with slim restaurant margins, a labour crunch and climate change worries 91裸聊视频�91裸聊视频渨hy move a two-pound burrito in a two-ton car?91裸聊视频�

A handful of other robotic delivery companies have the same ethos, but their paths to ubiquity are facing several roadblocks.

Delivery robots have been banned from some major cities like Toronto, which argued they are a hazard for people with low mobility or vision, as well as seniors and children. Cyclists already gripe about e-scooters in bike lanes and don91裸聊视频檛 want robots there either.

91裸聊视频淭hey91裸聊视频檙e drawing a lot of attention from pedestrians while they91裸聊视频檙e out on the sidewalk because they91裸聊视频檙e not seeing them that often and people are excited to see them, but as usage continues to increase, this can cause a lot of congestion on already narrow sidewalks,91裸聊视频� said Prabhjot Gill, a McKinsey & Co. associate partner focused on retail.

There91裸聊视频檚 also worries autonomous robots or ones manned by staff overseas will take jobs away from couriers.

Ali Kashani, Serve91裸聊视频檚 Vancouver-bred chief executive, considers the criticism to be a natural part of innovation that even the bicycle experienced, when it was invented and many thought it would cause divorce.

He91裸聊视频檚 tried to quiet concerns by ensuring his robots (Kashani won91裸聊视频檛 say how many there are) chime and flash their lights to alert people they are around. They are equipped with automatic crash prevention, vehicle collision avoidance and emergency braking.

Ultimately, he thinks they are 91裸聊视频渁 win-win for everybody91裸聊视频� because they reduce traffic, boost local commerce and help merchants get food to consumers in a less expensive way.

The environment benefits too because Serve replaces delivery vehicles. Kashani estimates roughly half the deliveries made in the country cover less than 2.5 miles and 90 per cent are completed by car. About two per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions worldwide are attributable to people using personal cars for local shopping and errands.

91裸聊视频淭here91裸聊视频檚 a lot of reasons to replace our cars with these robots as quickly as we really can, but there91裸聊视频檚 no reason for us to make anyone an enemy,91裸聊视频� Kashani said.

Knowing how much opposition new ideas can face, Serve is careful to engage with governments and authorities before launching in a city, even if it has no legislation allowing or banning robots.

However, David Lepofsky, chair of the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act Alliance, said there91裸聊视频檚 no way for such robots and humans to coexist because they will always present a tripping hazard and worse, they could be used to transport contraband or explosives.

He insists the fight he and others have waged to keep robots off sidewalks is not an attack on innovation.

91裸聊视频淚t91裸聊视频檚 not like we91裸聊视频檙e denying people a service,91裸聊视频� he said. 91裸聊视频淲e91裸聊视频檝e got a way to deliver pizzas that we91裸聊视频檝e had since we91裸聊视频檝e had pizza delivery. It91裸聊视频檚 called human beings.91裸聊视频�

Manish Dhankher, Pizza Hut Canada91裸聊视频檚 chief customer officer, agrees no pizza delivery is worth risking somebody91裸聊视频檚 safety, but said his company only partnered with Serve once the robots had made thousands of injury-free trips.

Serve robots only made nearby deliveries for Pizza Hut91裸聊视频檚 1725 Robson St. location for two weeks, but the pilot generated 91裸聊视频渃hildlike excitement91裸聊视频� from customers and had a 95 per cent satisfaction rate.

Dhankher stresses the goal was modernizing pizza deliveries, not cost reduction. Couriers made the same number of deliveries they did before the robots were in use.

But Pizza Hut isn91裸聊视频檛 ready to roll out robots permanently.

91裸聊视频淲e want to learn more,91裸聊视频� he said. 91裸聊视频淲hat happens when you put this in the snowy areas of Saskatchewan and what happens when there is freezing rain?91裸聊视频�

Another question: what happens when cities won91裸聊视频檛 welcome the robots?

Tiny Mile, a company behind a series of pink, heart-eyed robots named Geoffrey, knows the answer.

Years after Geoffrey started making Toronto deliveries for delivery services like Foodora, Lepofsky and others argued people may be impeded by stopped or stalled devices or unable to quickly detect their presence.

Toronto91裸聊视频檚 city council voted last December to prohibit the devices that run on anything but muscle power from sidewalks, bike paths and pedestrian ways until the province implements a pilot project for such devices.

Geoffrey was then spotted in Ottawa before the city confirmed such robots aren91裸聊视频檛 permitted there either and Tiny Mile decamped from Canada completely.

91裸聊视频淲e almost went bankrupt,91裸聊视频� said Ignacio Tartavull, Tiny Mile91裸聊视频檚 chief executive.

91裸聊视频淚t was basically a miracle we survived.91裸聊视频�

To keep Geoffrey alive, Tiny Mile headed to Florida and North Carolina.

91裸聊视频淚t was love at first sight,91裸聊视频� Tartavull said. 91裸聊视频淲e spoke with cities and they were basically competing for us to go there.91裸聊视频�

He believes that adoration will spread as the cost of robot deliveries 91裸聊视频� now roughly $1 91裸聊视频� sink to 10 cents in the next seven years.

91裸聊视频淚t91裸聊视频檚 likely going to take a few years before we have it in the big cities but in the long term, it91裸聊视频檚 kind of undoubtable because the technology is here, it works and we can deliver on time and at a much lower cost,91裸聊视频� he said.

As for Serve, it91裸聊视频檚 focused on Los Angeles right now, but Kashani said its mission is to get five per cent of delivery vehicles off the road in the next five years.

91裸聊视频淏ut I definitely hope that if you fast forward one or two decades, these robots would be doing more local transportation of goods91裸聊视频� so that we can not rely on cars.91裸聊视频�

Tara Deschamps, The Canadian Press

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