A global think tank is calling for tougher intellectual property laws that would protect Indigenous arts and traditions from cultural appropriation in the fashion industry.
A new report from the Centre for International Governance Innovation says traditional cultural expressions 91裸聊视频渁re undeniably91裸聊视频� forms of intellectual property but are largely excluded from existing protections offered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
The study91裸聊视频檚 Canadian author Brigitte Vezina says 91裸聊视频渢here is a grey zone between harmful misuse and permissible inspiration,91裸聊视频� making it very difficult to assess when something has crossed the line.
91裸聊视频淚t is urgent. We don91裸聊视频檛 see any other way to put an end to cultural appropriation,91裸聊视频� says the Montreal-born Vezina, an international law consultant in The Hague and previously a legal officer at WIPO.
91裸聊视频淐opying traditional design motifs without consent can erode a community91裸聊视频檚 identity and cause profound harm.91裸聊视频�
As defined by the Geneva-based WIPO, traditional cultural expressions include patterns, motifs and other design features created by traditional or Indigenous cultures.
Vezina says copyright laws demand a certain threshold for a work to be considered original 91裸聊视频� a threshold most traditions fail to meet because they are often passed down through generations.
91裸聊视频淔rom a copyright standpoint, traditional cultural expressions are considered to be in the public domain and that makes them freely available for anyone to use,91裸聊视频� says Vezina, adding that also makes them vulnerable to misuse.
Her report, Curbing Cultural Appropriation in the Fashion Industry, points to examples that include Nike workout leggings for women in 2013 that featured a traditional tattoo for Samoan men. A public outcry forced Nike to pull the leggings from sale and apologize, but they said no offence had been intended.
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91裸聊视频淭he problem is everything has to be done through social pressure nowadays because the legal basis does not exist,91裸聊视频� adds Vezina, urging more public awareness on the issue but also greater industry sensitivity.
91裸聊视频淎 lot of designers claim innocence or that they didn91裸聊视频檛 know that they were doing anything wrong. Often it91裸聊视频檚 true, it91裸聊视频檚 unwilling and it might be out of ignorance but there91裸聊视频檚 also a lot of work that needs to be done to make sure that designers should be aware that it91裸聊视频檚 not OK.91裸聊视频�
She notes that successful collaborations abound when the source material is acknowledged and respected.
They include the high-fashion Brazilian label Osklen, which drew inspiration for its spring 2016 collection in the tattoos and traditional fabrics of the Ashaninka people, an Indigenous tribe living in the Amazonian rainforest of Brazil and Peru.
The label asked permission and paid the tribe an agreed-upon equivalent of US$50,000, some of which funded a new school and a store where the tribe could sell artisanal jewelry and clothing.
While misuse can be an economic blow to a community, Vezina says the social and cultural impact can be far greater 91裸聊视频� 91裸聊视频渋t can erode their sense of belonging within their community and their sense of identity.91裸聊视频�
Vezina says the definition of cultural appropriation is 91裸聊视频渇luid91裸聊视频� but she identifies three characteristics: a change of cultural context, a power imbalance between the taker and the holder, and the absence of the holder91裸聊视频檚 involvement.
She91裸聊视频檚 also come up with four questions that can help determine whether something crosses the line or not: Does it understand and respect the community? Does it merely replicate the work or actually transform it into something new? Does it acknowledge and attribute the community that served as inspiration? Does it include authorization and even collaboration of the source community or communities?
A WIPO intergovernmental committee has been working on developing a legal framework since 2000, adds Vezina. But she says it91裸聊视频檚 a long process that is entirely in the hands of member states, which include Canada.
The Centre for International Governance Innovation is a non-partisan think tank based in Waterloo, Ont.
The Canadian Press
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